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Tuning in to Māori TelevisionViewers can tune in to Māori Television in five ways: Via the UHF frequencyTo receive Māori Television via the UHF frequency, viewers need to have a UHF aerial and be within the coverage area. Via Satellite If viewers are not within our UHF coverage area, they can access Māori Television via satellite by purchasing a satellite dish and receiver from their local television aerial installation service. As a SKY Digital subscriberSKY Digital subscribers will find Māori Television on Channel 33 of their SKY remotes. They can tune in to Channel 33 now to catch highlights of programmes on Māori Television. As a SKY UHF subscriberSKY UHF subscribers will find Māori Television on button 6 of their SKY remotes. Via Saturn TV For More InformationCheck our website www.maoritelevision.com or for guidance on how to tune-in call 0800 MA TATOU ( 0800 62 82868 )
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Issue 7, 13 April
2004
Subtitling
in Māori
Television Subtitling is the written translation of the spoken language (source language) of a television program or film into the language of the viewing audience. The translated text appears in two lines at the foot of the screen simultaneously with the dialogue in the source language. This simultaneous provision of meaning in two different languages is a new form of language transfer for te reo Māori. It combines the two forms of interlingual communication, i.e., "interpretation," involving speaking only, and "translation," involving writing only. The ideal in subtitling is to translate each utterance in full, and display it synchronically with the spoken words on the screen. However, the medium imposes serious constraints on full text translation. One major obstacle is the limitations of the screen space. Each line consists of approximately 40 characters or typographic spaces (letters, punctuation marks, numbers and word spaces), although proportional spacing allows more room for words. Another constraint is the duration of a subtitle, which depends on the quantity and complexity of the text, the speed of the dialogue, the average viewer's reading speed, and the necessary intervals between subtitles. Taking into account various factors, the optimum display time has been estimated to be four seconds for one line and six to eight seconds for two lines. As a result, the subtitler often presents the source language dialogue or narration in condensed form. Loss or change of meaning also happens because the written text cannot transfer all the nuances of the spoken language. Other problems relate to the reception process. The changing screen does not allow the viewer to re-read a line, which disappears in a few seconds. Audiences have to divide the viewing time between two different activities, reading the subtitles and watching the moving picture, and constantly interrelating them. Thus, subtitling has created not only a new form of translation, but also new reading processes and reading audiences. This type of reading demands different literacy skills, which are individually and, often, effectively acquired in the process of viewing. In spite of the limitations of subtitling, viewers prefer it to dubbing in so far as it does not interfere with the source language. Te reo Māori language transfer involves more than facilitating the viewer's comprehension of the unfamiliar language. Subtitling is a means of improving knowledge of te reo Māori and tikanga within Aotearoa. At MĀORI TELEVISION subtitling is a post-production activity, but real-time subtitling for live broadcasting is inevitable. This will involve an interpreter watching a live broadcast, and providing simultaneous translation (interpretation) by speaking into a microphone connected to the headphone of a high-speed "audio typist." The interpreted text will appear on the screen while it is keyed on the adapted keyboard of a computer programmed for formatting and boxing subtitles. This kind of heavily mediated subtitling will no doubt be simplified when technological advance in voice recognition allows the direct transcription of the interpreted text. Nāku noa
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